Permissions and why the camera may not appear
Camera access requires an explicit permission grant and a secure context, so the page must be served over HTTPS. If no prompt appears, permission was most likely denied earlier and is now remembered for the site — resetting it in the site settings, reached from the padlock in the address bar, restores the prompt.
Operating system permissions sit above the browser's. macOS, Windows and most Linux desktops each maintain their own camera privacy setting, and if the browser is not permitted there, the page's request fails regardless of what the browser reports. This is the usual explanation when the browser prompt appears, permission is granted, and nothing happens.
Exclusive access is the third common cause. Many systems allow only one application to hold the camera at a time, so a conferencing application running in the background — including one minimised to the system tray — prevents the browser from opening it. Closing other applications that use the camera resolves a large share of failures.
Getting a better picture
Lighting matters far more than the camera. A webcam's small sensor performs badly in low light, and its automatic gain compensates by amplifying noise, producing the grainy, smeared image familiar from evening video calls. A light source in front of you, at roughly face height, transforms the result more than any hardware upgrade.
Avoid a bright window or lamp behind you. The camera meters for the overall scene, so a bright background causes it to expose for that and leave your face in silhouette. Facing the window is the single easiest improvement available.
Camera position affects how you appear more than resolution does. A laptop camera sits below eye level and looks upward, which is an unflattering angle and gives poor eye contact. Raising the laptop so the camera is at or slightly above eye level, and sitting far enough back that your head and shoulders fill the frame rather than your face alone, is what makes the difference between a poor and a competent picture.
Privacy while testing
The video from this test is displayed locally in your browser and is not transmitted or recorded anywhere. That is the point of testing here rather than by joining a call: you can check framing, lighting and focus without anyone seeing.
Look at what is in frame before joining anything. Backgrounds routinely disclose more than intended — documents on a desk, a whiteboard, items in the room, other people, and anything identifying a location. A virtual background or blur helps but is not reliable, since it can fail momentarily when you move.
The camera indicator light is a hardware feature on most laptops, wired to the camera's power, and it is a meaningful signal — a light that comes on unexpectedly is worth investigating. Physical covers or a piece of tape remain the only guarantee, and are a reasonable precaution rather than paranoia. Revoke camera permission from sites that do not need it, and check periodically which sites hold it.