How a page becomes an image
The conversion uses pdf.js, Mozilla's PDF renderer — the same engine that draws PDFs inside Firefox. Your file is read into memory as bytes, parsed, and each selected page is drawn onto an off-screen canvas, then encoded to JPEG or PNG by the browser's own image encoder. The bytes go from your disk to a canvas and back to your downloads folder; no request carries the document anywhere. One honest caveat on that: the pdf.js library itself is fetched from a CDN, so the page needs a network connection the first time it loads. Your document is not what travels.
Resolution comes from the scale factor. A PDF measures its pages in points, and a point is exactly 1/72 of an inch — so rendering at scale 1 gives you 72 pixels per inch, and the multiplier is a direct DPI multiplier. That is why the size hint updates as you change it. Pages render one at a time, with the browser given a moment to breathe between each, which is what keeps the thumbnails appearing progressively instead of the tab locking up on a long document.
When JPEG is selected the canvas is painted white before the page is drawn. JPEG has no alpha channel, and without that step any transparent region in the PDF would encode as black. PNG keeps transparency intact.
Resolution, and what each setting really gives you
| Setting | Effective DPI | A4 page becomes | Suited to |
| Standard (1.5×) | 108 DPI | 893 × 1263 px | Web previews, email attachments, thumbnails. |
| High (2×) | 144 DPI | 1190 × 1684 px | Slides, screen sharing, most everyday use. The default. |
| Print (3×) | 216 DPI | 1785 × 2526 px | Home printing, large on-screen display, archiving a scan. |
Note what the top setting is not: commercial print work is normally specified at 300 DPI, and 3× falls short of that. For anything going to a professional printer, send the PDF itself — it is already vector where the original was vector, and rasterising it can only lose information.
Limits and trade-offs
Rasterising is a one-way door. Text in a PDF is stored as glyphs with font data; text in a JPG is a picture of letters. After conversion nothing is selectable, searchable, copyable or screen-reader accessible, and the file is usually much larger than the page it came from. If what you actually need is the words, PDF to text extracts them directly, and if you need a smaller PDF rather than images, the PDF compressor is the right stop.
Memory grows with resolution and page count. A canvas costs four bytes per pixel, so one A4 page at 3× occupies roughly 18 MB while it is being drawn, and every converted page is then held in memory as a blob until you press Clear. Converting a 300-page report at Print quality in one go is how you find your device's ceiling. Use the page range field — it accepts forms like 1-3, 5, 8-10, reverses backwards ranges, and drops numbers outside the document — and convert in batches.
Browsers cap canvas size. There is a hard ceiling on how large a single canvas may be, in the region of sixteen thousand pixels a side on desktop and considerably lower on iOS. Ordinary paper sizes never approach it, but an architectural drawing or a large poster page at 3× can, and the result is a failed or blank render rather than a helpful error.
Encrypted files will not open. A PDF with a password stops the conversion with an error. Some files also carry a permissions flag that discourages extraction; that is an instruction to conforming viewers, not encryption, so it may or may not stop the render. There is no OCR here either — a scanned page converts to a picture of a scan, and the text inside it stays unreadable to software.
Choosing settings that fit the job
Pick the format from the content, not from habit. PNG is lossless and compresses flat colour and sharp edges efficiently, so it wins on text documents, invoices, tables, diagrams and screenshots — no ringing artefacts around letterforms. JPEG wins on photographic pages, where PNG files balloon. A text-heavy page saved as PNG is frequently both smaller and sharper than the same page as a high-quality JPEG, which surprises people who assume JPEG is always the compact option.
The quality slider only does anything for JPEG; PNG ignores it entirely, because lossless compression has no quality dial. For JPEG, 80–85% is the usual sweet spot — the point where further reduction starts showing visible mush around text and in smooth gradients while saving comparatively little. Going above 90% mostly adds file size.
Work from the highest-quality source you have. Each generation of lossy encoding compounds, so converting a PDF that was itself assembled from compressed JPEGs at 60% quality cannot recover what those images lost. And convert once at the resolution you need rather than converting at Standard and enlarging afterwards — upscaling a raster image adds pixels, not detail.
Downloading page by page is fine for one or two; beyond that use Download all, which packages every rendered page into a single ZIP with the source filename. If you later need to reassemble images into a document, image to PDF goes the other direction, and the rest of the set lives on the PDF tools page.